LINE GRAPH: -LINE GRAPHS ARE USED WHEN ONE VARIABLE (INDEPENDENT) AFFECTS ANOTHER WHICH IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE -THESE ARE USEFUL FOR PREDICTING TRENDS. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: -THE VARIABLE THAT IS CONTROLLED BY THE EXPERIMENTER, SUCH AS TIME DATES DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE THIS US PLACED ON THE X AXIS DEPENDENT VARIABLE: -THE VARIABLE TAT OS DIRECTLY AFFECTED BU THE I.V IT IS THE RESULT OF WHAT HAPPENS AS TIME, DATES, ADEPT AND TEMPERATURE ARE CHANGED Scales FOR EACH VARIABLE: -IN CONSTRUCTING A GRAPH ONE NEEDS TO KNOW WHERE TO PLOT THE POINTS REPRESENTING THE DATA. IN ORDER TO THIS A SCALE MUST BE EMPLOYED TO INCLUDE ALL THE DATA DATA POINTS Bar graph The data for this graph are non-numerical and discrete for at least one variable.There are no dependent and independent variables.Axes may be reverses to give a graph with the categories on the x axis. Bar graphs can therefore be drawn horizontally or vertically.This type of graph is very useful for comparing two or more similar items. Pie graph As with bar graphs, pie graphs are used when the data for one variable are discrete and the data for the variables are in the form of counts A circle is divided according to the proportion of counts in each category. Not suitable for data sets with a very large number of categories 1/16/19 The Big Bang theory The big bang happened 13.7 million years ago The universe started to expand from one spot space and time were created in the Big Bang All the planets and the stars are moving away from each other As the universe expanded more matter was created. Pure energy created in quark soup 1 protons he and Li nuclei Big Bang 15 billion years ago stars 10 billion years ago sun 5 billion years ago Molten Earth 4.5 billion years ago First ocean 3.8 billion years ago 1/17/19 About 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed out of nebula of gases and the dust that were to become the solar system Small objects called planetoids combined together to build larger objects such as planets The early atmosphere would have been similar to the Sun-- mainly hydrogen and helium atmosphere lost 1.The gravity was to weak to keep light gases from escaping 2.It was stuck by a large object The result origin of the moon and loss of the atmosphere. Earth as hell f The surface of the Earth during this period was extremely hot with numerous volcanoes. The earth was under near constant bombardment by objects Earth cooled down Atmosphere was created. Earth's second atmosphere A new atmosphere was established by the outgasing of the volcanoes the mixture of gas was probably h20 vap co2 n2 co hcl Nh3 virtually no oxygen No ozone layer ultraviolet radiation with huge influx of water vapor cooling of planet clouds and earth's sun 30% weaker atmosphere acquired small amounts of oxygen splitting of water oxygen suggested by rust oxygen also led to establishment of an ozone layer with the rise of photosynthetic bacteria 1/22/19 Electric spark theory Lightning and gases from volcanoes life was created the gas was zapped with an electric spark the spark provided the energy for the molecules to recombine acids The deep theory nothing. Primordial life created in a pond ocean energized by lightning RNA world theory Creator Francis Crick 1973 DNA based life forms evolved from earlier ones that ones that was based on much simpler RNA molecules. The ice origin theory the earth was evolved from ice 1/31/19 faunal succession fossil assemblages changed from one stratum to the next. For example geologist noticed that the abundance of mammals fossils occurred higher strati graphically 1.Relative age dating within a single locality, geologist are able to determine which rock units are the oldest and which are youngest. 2.Principle of superposition In a sequence of unreformed sedimentary rock layers the rocks get older from top to bottom. Principle of original horizontally when sedimentary rock layers are being deposited gravity forces them to be deposited as flat horizontal layers.Once the sediment has solidified and become rock.they can be titled or folded. Principle of faunal succession groups of assemblages of plant and animal fossils appear in the geologic record in a specific order
cross cutting 2/5/19 only some organisms get fossilized. show patterns to show organisms evolved Can help find out past environments show patterns how they appeared and disappeared Charles Walcott 1909 discovered many fossils of the ancient sea. preserved in layers of shale used radiometric dating to find the absolute age of an igneous rock scientists found a lot of carbon in ancient rock cells weren't found in rock but chemical evidence that made a conclusion of life on Earth at the time rock formed 3.8 billion years ago Biologist find what chemicals organisms used Geologist find age of rock Paleontologist study fossils. earliest fossilized organisms found 3.5 billions years old the fossils are a type of cyanobacteria the bacteria left green blue pigment protein stromolites are layered mounds columns and sheets calcium rich rocks Earth without organisms is 17% 4.6 earth here 3.8 billion years organism here 2/11/19 Transitional fossils life started in the ocean Early fish like organism to make fish Extinction when all members of species die out. when species go extinct fossils no longer occur in fossil record happens at a regular rate called background rate of extinction The fossil record shows when their are no fossils in sedimentary rock mass extinction is what happens when a group dies out at the same time 2/12/19 95% extinct most creatures survived by burring the others die temperature stabilizes
3/12/19 Marie lead coffin because radiation Enrolled in secret university 1896 uranium figured out other radioactive elements 1/10 of pitch blend 1903 shared the prize 1906 husband got crushed became the first women professor
Before we start a gene is a unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome controls the development of one or more traits passed down from parent to offspring
A trait or character is feature of an organism The term phenotype is the state of the trait in a physical form
The term genotype is the state of the trait in a genetic form Mendel and heredity heredity is the passing of traits of parents to offspring The study of heredity is called genetics